Practices

What people do: drumming, toasting, voicing, clashing. 8

Practice Burru older African-Jamaican tradition · living heritageJamaica · especially Clarendon and St. Catherine traditions

An African-Jamaican drumming and dance tradition whose bass, funde and repeater family later entered Rastafari’s Nyahbinghi sound.

 Practice Deejay / Toasting 1950s–60s sound-system practice · record breakthrough c. 1970Kingston dances → Jamaican records → diaspora

A voice riding the record: rhymes, boasts, jokes, warnings and crowd talk delivered live over the sound.

 Studio Early Recording Culture 1950s local recording expansion · 1960s studio boom · continuing version cultureKingston · Jamaica

Sound systems needed fresh records, and Jamaica built an industry around that hunger.

 Practice Kumina 19th-century Jamaican consolidation · living traditionSt. Thomas · Jamaica, with communities elsewhere on the island

An Afro-Jamaican music, dance and spiritual practice rooted strongly in Kongo ancestry, especially in St.

 Practice Nyahbinghi 1950s Kingston development · living Rastafari practiceRastafari camps and yards in Kingston → Jamaica and global Rastafari communities

Rastafari’s heartbeat music: bass, funde and repeater drums moving beneath chant, prayer and gathering.

 Practice Revival Zion · Poco 19th-century Revival movements → living Jamaican religious traditionsJamaica

Afro-Christian Jamaican worship where hymns, drums, movement, spirit possession and rhythmic breathing meet.

 Practice Sound Clash sound-system rivalry from the 1950s · formal clash culture continuesJamaica → international sound-system circuits

Two or more sounds meet to prove who can move the crowd hardest.

 Practice Voicing a Riddim long-running Jamaican recording practice · central to dancehallJamaican studios → international riddim culture

A riddim already exists.

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